This undated handout photo released on October 5, 2026 by the University of Wuerzburg shows German scientist Georg Nagel as he was awarded the Röntgenmedaille science prize. The Nobel medicine prize was awarded on October 5, 2026 to US psychiatrist and neurologist Karl Deisseroth and German scientists Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their pioneering work in the field of optogenetics. Optogenetics involves controlling nerve signals with light, and helps researchers understand how specific cell types contribute to behaviours like learning, fear, addiction and movement. The trio were honoured "for their discovery of a molecular switch for nerve cells", the Nobel Assembly said. (Photo by Robert EMMERICH / Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg / AFP via Getty Images) / RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg /Robert EMMERICH" - HANDOUT - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz speaks to media with National Academy of science building damaged after a Russian drone strike, on the background, Kyiv, Ukraine, Sunday, Oct. 4, 2026. (AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka)

Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, centre, and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz speak to media with National Academy of science building damaged after a Russian drone strike, on the background, Kyiv, Ukraine, Sunday, Oct. 4, 2026. (AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka)

(FILES) Spain's Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez (C,front) poses for a family picture with ministers of his coalition government, (fromL, first row) Spain's Deputy Prime Minister of Economic Affairs Nadia Calvino, Spain's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidency and Relations with Parliament Carmen Calvo, Spain's Deputy Prime Minister for Social Rights and Sustainable Development Pablo Iglesias and Spain's Deputy Prime Minister of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge Teresa Ribera, (second row) Spain's Minister of Interior Fernando Grande-Marlaska, Spain's Minister of Defence Margarita Robles, Spain's Minister of Foreign Affairs Arancha Gonzalez Laya, Spain's Minister of Justice Juan Carlos Campo, Spain's Minister of Budget Maria Jesus Montero and Spain's Minister of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda Jose Luis Abalos, (third row) Spain's Minister of Regional Policy Carolina Darias, Spain's Minister of Industry Reyes Maroto, Spain's Minister of Education Isabel Celaa, Spain's Minister of Labor Yolanda Diaz, Spain's Minister of Agriculture, Fishing and Feeding Luis Planas, Spain's Minister for Culture and Sports Jose Manuel Rodriguez Uribes and Spain's Minister of Universities Manuel Castells, (back row) Spain's Minister of Social Security and Migration Jose Luis Escriva, Spain's Minister for Equality Irene Montero, Spain's Minister of Health Salvador Illa, Spain's Minister of Science and Innovation Pedro Duque and Spain's Minister of Consumer Affairs Alberto Garzon at the Moncloa Palace in Madrid on January 14, 2020 before the first cabinet meeting of the new coalition government. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez called early election for November 29 after housing set-back during a televised speech on October 5, 2026. (Photo by PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU / AFP via Getty Images)

(FILES) Spanish new government members (FRONT L-R) minister for finance Maria Jesus Montero, minister of justice Dolores Delgado, Deputy Prime Minister and minister of equality Carmen Calvo, Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez, minister of foreign affairs Josep Borrell, minister of defence Margarita Robles, Spanish minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska (CENTER L-R) minister of agriculture Luis Planas, minister of labour Magdalena Valerio, minister for development Jose Luis Abalos, government's spokeswoman and minister of education Isabel Celaa, minister of industry Reyes Maroto, Spanish minister of terrirorial administration Meritxell Batet (BACK L-R) minister of science, innovation and universities Pedro Duque, minister for economic affairs Nadia Calvino, minister of energy and climate change Teresa Ribera, minister of culture and sports Maxim Huerta, minister for health, and social welfare and consumer affairs Carmen Monton pose for a family photo after holding their first cabinet meeting at La Moncloa palace in Madrid on June 8, 2018. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez called early election for November 29 after housing set-back during a televised speech on October 5, 2026. (Photo by JAVIER SORIANO / AFP via Getty Images)

FILE — Swiss Federal Institute of Technology glaciologist and head of the Swiss measurement network 'Glamos', Matthias Huss, center, and his assistants arrive at the Rhone glacier near Goms, Switzerland, June 16, 2023. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader)

FILE - ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) glaciologist and head of the Swiss measurement network Glamos, Matthias Huss, checks the thickness of the Rhone Glacier near Goms, Switzerland, June 16, 2023. (AP Photo/Matthias Schrader, File)

Maxim Menshikov, archaeologist and the expedition director, and fellow colleagues inspect the finds discovered by divers at the underwater site on the bed of Lake Issyk-Kul of what is identified by researchers as a submerged medieval city on the Silk Road in the settlement of Toru-Aygyr in Kyrgyzstan on September 22, 2026. Situated on an ancient trading route between China and Europe, little is known about the history of the settlement under Kyrgyzstan's largest lake or how it came to be flooded an estimated 800 years ago. The settlement is located at the heart of what was once the Silk Road, a trading route that linked China to the Mediterranean from the 2nd century BC until the mid-15th century. (Photo by Vyacheslav OSELEDKO / AFP via Getty Images)